Patterns and Perceptions of Human–Rhesus macaque Conflict in Humid Subtropical Climate of Jabalpur Forest Division

The human–rhesus macaque conflict has become a significant conservation and management issue in India, particularly in human-dominated landscapes where macaques increasingly depend on anthropogenic resources. The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of troop dynamics and spatio-temporal behaviour of rhesus macaques on human-wildlife conflict in Territorial Forest Division of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Jabalpur city is situated in the humid subtropical climatic zone. For present study the primary data were collected through direct observations, semi-structured questionnaire surveys of 350 respondents, and interviews with local communities, forest staff, and NGOs, supplemented with secondary literature. Results revealed that rhesus macaques were perceived as the most problematic species (40.86%), surpassing snakes, langurs, wild boars, leopards, crocodiles, and other animals. Conflicts were concentrated in residential colonies, religious sites, marketplaces, and croplands, where macaques found easy access to food, water and shelter. Medium-sized troops (11–30 individuals), primarily composed of adult females and juveniles, were most frequently encountered, with peak activity during morning and evening hours. The conflict was associated with economic losses, property damage, injuries, and psychological stress among local residents. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated mitigation strategies, including waste management, controlled feeding practices, habitat restoration, and community-based awareness programs, supported by coordinated action from government agencies and non-governmental organizations.