Patterns and Drivers of Wildlife Offenses in Nagarhole Tiger Reserve: A Socio-Spatial Assessment

Nagarhole Tiger Reserve, a key component of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in Karnataka, India, is a vital stronghold for wildlife, including tigers, elephants and several herbivore and carnivore species. However, the park faces persistent threats from wildlife and other forest-related crimes. This study investigates the patterns, trends and drivers of such offenses in Nagarhole between 2008–09 and 2017–18, based on Forest Offense Case (FOC) records maintained by the Karnataka Forest Department. A total of 617 such cases were reported during this period and it comprises 148 wildlife crimes and 469 other offenses. The analysis reveals a declining trend in crime numbers, although specific years showed spikes in wildlife crimes, indicating episodic surges possibly linked to poaching networks or enforcement drives. Spatial analysis showed significant variation across forest ranges, with DB Kuppe and Metikuppe reporting the highest number of cases. Temporal analysis highlighted increased crime incidence during monsoon months, though statistical tests showed no significant monthly or seasonal variation. Species most frequently targeted included spotted deer, elephants and tigers, along with 47 cases of illegal fishing. Demographic profiling of offenders revealed that most were male, in the 30–60 age group, poorly educated and economically vulnerable, primarily working as wage labourers. Nearly 94 per cent of crimes were intentional, suggesting organized or semi-organized involvement. The study emphasizes the need for improved legal processing, strengthened patrolling, community engagement and alternative livelihood opportunities to mitigate forest crimes. Targeted conservation interventions, informed by spatial and socio-economic data, can enhance the effectiveness of wildlife protection efforts in Nagarhole.